Richard Flanagan's book Toxic: The Rotting Underbelly of the Tasmanian Salmon Industry was a shot across the bow to the salmon farmers. Toxic tells the story of an industry that has lost its way in the pursuit of profit, and the references contained therein are the evidence that the cost to all of us -- the trustees of Tasmania -- is too high. This website is a follow-on from Flanagan's book, a deep-dive into the science. These references are systematically arranged as they are cited in each page. We have made every effort to be accurate and current, and we warmly welcome additions, corrections, and healthy debate. 

Wicked Problem REFERENCES

[1] Rittel HWJ, Webber MM. 1973. Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning. Policy Sciences 4:155–169. 

[2] Rayner S. 2006. Wicked Problems: Clumsy Solutions – diagnoses and prescriptions for environmental ills, Jack Beale Memorial Lecture on Global Environment, ANSW Sydney, Australia. 12 pp. https://wayback.archive-it.org/org-467/20200811163931/http://eureka.sbs.ox.ac.uk/93/1/Steve%20Rayner%2C%20Jack%20Beale%20Lecture%20Wicked%20Problems.pdf.

 

Precautionary Principle REFERENCES

[1] Peterson DC. 2006. Precaution: principles and practice in Australian environmental and natural resource management. In 50th Annual Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society Conference, p. 38. Manly, New South Wales: Productivity Commission. 

[2] Australian Parliament. 2015. Report on Regulation of the fin-fish aquaculture industry in Tasmania. Australian Parliament, 21 August. https://www.aph.gov.au/parliamentary_business/committees/senate/environment_and_communications/fin-fish/~/media/Committees/ec_ctte/Fin_Fish/report.pdf. 

[3] Kirkpatrick JB, Kriwoken LK, Styger J. 2019. The reverse precautionary principle: science, the environment and the salmon aquaculture industry in Macquarie Harbour, Tasmania, Australia. Pacific Conservation Biology 25:26-33. 

[4] Burke T. 2012. Notification of referral decision - not controlled action if undertaken in a particular manner. Marine farming expansion, Macquarie Harbour, Tasmania (EPBC 2012/6406). S, Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, Canberra. 7 pp. http://epbcnotices.environment.gov.au/_entity/annotation/7f82da5c-2c68-e511-9099-005056ba00a8/a71d58ad-4cba-48b6-8dab-f3091fc31cd5?t=1494040149786. 

[5] Huon Aquaculture. 2017. Timeline of Macquarie Harbour management. Huon Aquaculture, 19 June. https://www.huonaqua.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Macquarie-Harbour-timeline.pdf.

[6] Galea S, Street E, Dunlevie J. 2018. Macquarie Harbour salmon: 1.35 million fish deaths prompt call to 'empty' waterway of farms. ABC News, 29 May. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-05-29/salmon-deaths-in-macquarie-harbour-top-one-million-epa-says/9810720.

[7] HSI. 2021. Tasmanian salmon farms pushing rare skate to the brink of extinction. Humane Society International, 28 May. https://hsi.org.au/index.php/newsroom/tasmanian-salmon-farms-pushing-rare-skate-to-the-brink-of-extinction. 

[8] Milly PCD, Betancourt J, Falkenmark M, Hirsch RM, Kundzewicz ZW, et al. 2008. Stationarity Is Dead: Whither Water Management? Science 319:573-574. 

[9] Gershwin L. 2013. Stung! On Jellyfish Blooms and the Future of the Ocean. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 424 pp. 

[10] Rayner S. 2006. Wicked Problems: Clumsy Solutions – diagnoses and prescriptions for environmental ills, Jack Beale Memorial Lecture on Global Environment, ANSW Sydney, Australia. 12 pp. 
 

'Did You Know?' REFERENCES

[1] Gershwin L. 2020. Transcript of Oral Presentation to Tasmanian Legislative Council about Potential Human Health Risks Associated with Salmon Farming. Parliament of Tasmania, https://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/ctee/Council/GovAdminA_Fin.htm [Transcript 21 February 2020, pp. 92-100]. 

[2] Flanagan R. 2021. Toxic: The Rotting Underbelly of the Tasmanian Salmon Industry. Australia: Penguin. 224 pp. 

[3] Gershwin L. 2021. A call for strengthened environmental legislation. The Science Show, 5 June. https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/scienceshow/a-call-for-strengthened-environmental-legislation/13371866. 

[4] Barraclough JM. 2006. Seals, salmon farms and politics: the institutional culture of seal relocation and other measures to counter seal-fish farm interactions in South-eastern Tasmania. University of Tasmania. Masters thesis. 197 pp. 

[5] DPIPWE. 2021. RTI 059 - Right to Information Disclosure on Seal Deterrents, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment352 pp. https://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/RTI%20059%20of%202020-21.pdf. 

[6] DPIPWE. 2020. Regulatory Impact Statement. Water Management Regulations 2019, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. Water and Marine Resources, Hobart. 58 pp. https://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/RIS%20-%20Water%20Management%20Regulations%202019.pdf. 

[7] DPIPWE. 2018. Application Fees under the Water Management Regulations 2009, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. Water Management and Assessment Branch, Hobart. 3 pp. https://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/Schedule%20of%20Application%20Fees.pdf. 

[8] Sprague M, Dick JR, Tocher DR. 2016. Impact of sustainable feeds on omega-3 long-chain fatty acid levels in farmed Atlantic salmon, 2006–2015. Scientific Reports 6:21892.

[9] Jensen I-J, Eilertsen K-E, Otnæs CHA, Mæhre HK, Elvevoll EO. 2020. An Update on the Content of Fatty Acids, Dioxins, PCBs and Heavy Metals in Farmed, Escaped and Wild Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) in Norway. Foods 9:1901.

[10] Gershwin L. 2013. Stung! On Jellyfish Blooms and the Future of the Ocean. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 424 pp.

[11] AAP. 2019. Jellyfish sting Huon Aquaculture's profit. 9 Finance News, 30 August. https://finance.nine.com.au/business-news/huon-aquaculture-s-fy-profit-down-64/33126c79-b875-4afd-b87f-caf88011ee69.

[12]Staniford D. 2002. Sea cage fish farming: an evaluation of environmental and public health aspects (the five fundamental flaws of sea cage fish farming). Paper presented by Don Staniford at the European Parliament’s Committee on Fisheries public hearing on ‘Aquaculture in the European Union: Present Situation and Future Prospects’, 1st October 2002, EuroBC, 39 pp. http://www.eurocbc.org/Staniford_Flaws_SeaCage.pdf

 

FLAW 1: TOXICS REFERENCES

HEAVY METALS REFERENCES: 

[1] Huon Aquaculture. 2020. Flesh testing results. Huon Aquaculture, 18 February. https://www.huonaqua.com.au/flesh-testing-results/.

[2] Gershwin L. 2020. Transcript of Oral Presentation to Tasmanian Legislative Council about Potential Human Health Risks Associated with Salmon Farming. Parliament of Tasmania, https://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/ctee/Council/GovAdminA_Fin.htm [Transcript 21 February 2020, pp. 92-100].

[3] Skretting. 2019. Sustainability report 2019, Skretting Australia, Cambridge, Tasmania. 79 pp. https://www.skretting.com/siteassets/images/aus/reports/2019-ska-sustainability-report.pdf.

[4] Cocoros G, Cahn PH, Siler W. 1973. Mercury concentrations in fish, plankton and water from three Western Atlantic estuaries. Journal of Fish Biology 5:641-647.

[5] Jardine L. 2007. Mercury cycling through finfish aquaculture within the lower Bay of Fundy, Canada: possibilities for control in support of the health of coastal communities. University of New Brunswick. 135 pp.

[6] de Blas A. 1994. The Environmental Effects of Mount Lyell Operations on Macquarie Harbour and Strahan. Honors. University of Tasmania, University of Technology, Sydney. 139 pp.

[7] Bennett B. 1999. Healing the Derwent's murky blues. Ecos 100:10-17.

[8] Hall BD, Bodaly RA, Fudge RJP, Rudd JWM, Rosenberg DM. 1997. Food as the Dominant Pathway of Methylmercury Uptake by Fish. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 100:13-24.

[9] Cheng Z, Liang P, Shao D-D, Wu S-C, Nie X-P, et al. 2011. Mercury Biomagnification in the Aquaculture Pond Ecosystem in the Pearl River Delta. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 61:491-499. 

[10] Revis NJP, Merks AGA, Valenta P, Rützel H. 1989. Heavy metal uptake by plankton and other seston particles. Chemical Speciation & Bioavailability 1:31-37.

[11] Swadling K, Macleod C. 2008. Baseline Metal Levels in Selected Faunal Species from the Derwent Estuary and Surrounding Areas (DRAFT Report to CCI/ Derwent Estuary Program), Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute (TAFI), University of Tasmania, Hobart. 17 pp. 

[12] Heron, A. C. 1972a. Population ecology of a colonizing species: the pelagic tunicate Thalia democratica I. Individual growth rate and generation time. Oecologia 10, 269–293. 

[13] Heron, A. C. 1972b. Population ecology of a colonizing species - pelagic tunicate Thalia democratica. 2. Population growth-rate. Oecologia 10, 294-312. 

[14] Krishnaswami S, Baskaran M, Fowler SW, Heyraud M. 1985. Comparative role of salps and other zooplankton in the cycling and transport of selected elements and natural radionuclides in Mediterranean waters. Biogeochemistry 1:353-360. 

[15] Mianzan, H. W., Pájaro, M. et al. 1997. Salps: possible vectors of toxic dinoflagellates? Fisheries Research 29, 193-197. 

[16] Giesecke, R., Clement, A. et al. 2014. Massive salp outbreaks in the inner sea of Chiloé Island (Southern Chile): possible causes and ecological consequences. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 42, 604-621.

 

PESTICIDES REFERENCES: 

[1] Percival S. 2021. Serving up a balanced salmon debate. The Mercury, 9 June, page 22. 

[2] Huon Aquaculture. 2020. Flesh testing results. Huon Aquaculture, 18 February. https://www.huonaqua.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Flesh-Testing.pdf.
[3] Błaszczyk A, Augustyniak A, Skolimowski J. 2013. Ethoxyquin: An Antioxidant Used in Animal Feed. International Journal of Food Science 2013:585931-585931.

[4] Bohne VJB, Lundebye A-K, Hamre K. 2008. Accumulation and depuration of the synthetic antioxidant ethoxyquin in the muscle of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Food and Chemical Toxicology 46:1834-1843.

[5] YAMASHITA Y, KATAGIRI T, PIRARAT N, FUTAMI K, ENDO M, MAITA M. 2009. The synthetic antioxidant, ethoxyquin, adversely affects immunity in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture Nutrition 15:144-151.

[6] Kubiriza GK, Árnarson J, Sigurgeirsson Ó, Hamaguchi P, Snorrason S, et al. 2019. Growth and hepatic antioxidant enzyme activity of juvenile Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) fed on diets supplemented with ethoxyquin, rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), or bladder wrack (Fucus vesiculosus). Aquaculture International 27:287-301. 

[7] Egloff S, Pietsch C. 2018. Ethoxyquin: a feed additive that poses a risk for aquatic life. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 131:39-48. 

[8] EFSA. 2015. Safety and efficacy of ethoxyquin (6-ethoxy-1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline) for all animal species. EFSA Journal 13:4272 [58 pp].

[9] Schinasi L, Leon ME. 2014. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and Occupational Exposure to Agricultural Pesticide Chemical Groups and Active Ingredients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11:4449-4527.

[10] Agostini LP, Dettogni RS, dos Reis RS, Stur E, dos Santos EVW, et al. 2020. Effects of glyphosate exposure on human health: Insights from epidemiological and in vitro studies. Science of the Total Environment 705:135808.

[11] Cressey D. 2015. Widely used herbicide linked to cancer. Nature: doi:10.1038/nature.2015.17181.

[12] Bellon T. 2018. California jury orders Monsanto to pay school groundskeeper $289 million in Roundup weed-killer court trial. Reuters, 11 August. https://www.businessinsider.com/jury-awards-289-million-in-monsanto-round-up-weed-killer-case-2018-8?r=AU&IR=T.

[13] Gonzales R. 2019. Jury Awards $80 Million In Damages In Roundup Weed Killer Cancer Trial. NPR, 27 March. https://www.npr.org/2019/03/27/707439575/jury-awards-80-million-in-damages-in-roundup-weed-killer-cancer-trial.

[14] Davis J. 2019. Monsanto ordered to pay $2 billion to couple who say they contracted cancer after using the weedkiller Roundup. ABC Rural, 14 May. https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2019-05-14/monsanto-loses-third-verdict-over-weedkiller-roundup/11111034.

[15] DW. 2019. Bayer faces skyrocketing US lawsuits over glyphosate. Deutsche Welle, 30 July. https://www.dw.com/en/bayer-faces-skyrocketing-us-lawsuits-over-glyphosate/a-49797934.

[16] Cohen P. 2020. Roundup Maker to Pay $10 Billion to Settle Cancer Suits. New York Times, 24 June. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/24/business/roundup-settlement-lawsuits.html.

[17] Laino C. 2009. Pesticides May Raise Alzheimer's Risk. WebMD Health News, 15 July. http://www.webmd.com/alzheimers/news/20090715/pesticides-may-raise-alzheimers-risk.

[18] Reuters. 2008. Study confirms Parkinson's-pesticides link. Reuters Health, 18 April. http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/04/18/us-parkinsons-pesticides-idUSCOL87119020080418.

[19] Newswise. 2008. Long-term Pesticide Exposure May Increase Risk of Diabetes. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), 4 June. http://newswise.com/articles/long-term-pesticide-exposure-may-increase-risk-of-diabetes.

[20] Farr SL, Cooper GS, Cai J, Savitz DA, Sandler DP. 2004. Pesticide use and menstrual cycle characteristics among premenopausal women in the Agricultural Health Study. American Journal of Epidemiology 160:1194–1204.

[21] Sheiner EK, Sheiner E, Hammel RD, Potashnik G, Carel R. 2003. Effect of occupational health on male fertility. Industrial Health 41:55–62.

[22] Rauh VA, Perera FP, Horton MK, Whyatt RM, Bansal R, et al. 2012. Brain anomalies in children exposed prenatally to a common organophosphate pesticide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109:7871–7876.

[23] Sanborn M, Kerr KJ, Sanin LH, Cole DC, Bassil KL, Vakil C. 2007. Non-Cancer health effects of pesticides: systematic review. Canadian Family Physician 53:1704–1711.

[24] Mascarelli A. 2013. Growing up with pesticides. Science 341:740–741.

[25] Abrams A. 2014. Your Great Grandmother’s Exposure to Pesticides Could Be Making You Obese. TIME Magazine, 25 July. http://time.com/3028766/pesticide-exposure-diseases-obesity/.

[26] Snedeker SM. 2001. Pesticides and breast cancer risk: a review of DDT, DDE, and dieldrin. Environmental Health Perspectives 109:35–47.

[27] Karunanayake CP, McDuffie HH, Dosman JA, Spinelli JJ, Pahwa P. 2008. Occupational exposures and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: Canadian case-control study. Environmental Health 7:1-9.

[28] National Cancer Institute. 2011. Agricultural Health Study. National Cancer Institute, 16 June. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/ahs.

[29] Bassil KL, Vakil C, Sanborn M, Cole DC, Kaur JS, Kerr KJ. 2007. Cancer health effects of pesticides: Systematic review. Canadian Family Physician 53:1704–1711.

[30] Gilden RC, Huffling K, Sattler B. 2010. Pesticides and health risks. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing 39:103–110.

 

ANTIBIOTICS REFERENCES: 

[1] Kelly L. 2020. Tassal salmon reports 260-fold increase in antibiotic use. Environment Tasmania, 18 May. https://www.et.org.au/tassal_salmon_reports_260_fold_increase_in_antibiotic_use.

[2] GSI. 2021. Sustainability Report: Tassal Australia. Global Salmon Initiative, 19 May. https://globalsalmoninitiative.org/en/sustainability-report/sustainability-indicators/.

[3] Han E. 2017. Antibiotics in salmon: Tassal quadruples amount, rivals reduce or eliminate use. Sydney Morning Herald, 2 August. https://www.smh.com.au/healthcare/antibiotics-in-salmon-tassal-quadruples-amount-rivals-reduce-or-eliminate-use-20170731-gxm5ms.html.

[4] Seafood Watch. 2014. New and Updated Seafood Watch Recommendations. http://www.seafoodwatch.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/sfw_whatsnew.aspx.

[5] Esposito A. 2015. Addicted to antibiotics, Chile's salmon flops at Costco, grocers. http://www.reuters.com/article/us-chile-salmon-antibiotics-feature-idUSKCN0PX1IG20150723. 

[6] Miranda CD, Zemelman R. 2002. Bacterial resistance to oxytetracycline in Chilean salmon farming. Aquaculture 212:31-47.

 

ASTAXANTHIN REFERENCES:

[1] Newsome RL. 1986. Food colors. Food technology (Chicago) 40:49–56 [not seen].

[2] Capelli B, Bagchi D, Cysewski GR. 2013. Synthetic astaxanthin is significantly inferior to algal-based astaxanthin as an antioxidant and may not be suitable as a human nutraceutical supplement. Nutrafoods 12:145–152. 

[3] Lorenz RT, Cysewski GR. 2000. Commercial potential for Haematococcus microalgae as a natural source of astaxanthin. Trends in Biotechnology 18:160–167. 

[4] Clemons R. 2016. Is farmed salmon being "dyed"? Choice Magazine, 2 November. https://www.choice.com.au/food-and-drink/meat-fish-and-eggs/fish/articles/astaxanthin-in-salmon-021116. 

[5] SalmonFiles. 2003. Pigments in Salmon Aquaculture: How to Grow a Salmon-colored Salmon. The Salmon Files, Undated web page, visited 27 July 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20071013221146/http://seafoodmonitor.com/sample/salmon.html. 

[6] Moretti VM, Mentasti T, Bellagamba F, Luzzana U, Caprino F, et al. 2006. Determination of astaxanthin stereoisomers and colour attributes in flesh of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as a tool to distinguish the dietary pigmentation source. Food Additives & Contaminants 23:1056-1063.  

[7] FMI. 2020. Astaxanthin Market. Future Market Insights, 22 October. https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/astaxanthin-market. 

[8] Breithaupt DE. 2007. Modern application of xanthophylls in animal feeding – a review. Trends in Food Science & Technology 18:501-506.

[9] Anderson S. 2001. Salmon Color and the Consumer. Proc. Microbehavior and Macroresults: Proceedings of the Tenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), July 10-14, 2000, Corvallis, Oregon. 3 pp.

[10] Johnson E. 2001. The colour of salmon and the Salmo Fan. CBC NEWS, via EuroCBC, 14 November. http://www.eurocbc.org/page252.html. 

[11] Clark N. 2017. Feed supplier Ridley Agriproducts sues Huon Aquaculture. Mercury, 13 January. https://www.themercury.com.au/news/tasmania/feed-supplier-sues-huon-aquaculture/news-story/c6dfc44d537b08408fafc9873141c1b0. 

[12] Culliney K. 2017. Huon Aquaculture pays Ridley AUS $16.6m in ‘commercial dispute’ settlement. Feed Navigator, 20 July. https://www.feednavigator.com/Article/2017/07/21/Huon-Aquaculture-pays-Ridley-AUS-16.6m-in-commercial-dispute-settlement. 

[13] Capelli B, Cysewski G. 2017. NATURAL ASTAXANTHIN The World's Best Kept Health Secret. Kailua-Kona, HI: Cyanotech Corporation. 199 pp. 

[14] Panis G, Carreon JR. 2016. Commercial astaxanthin production derived by green alga Haematococcus pluvialis: A microalgae process model and a techno-economic assessment all through production line. Algal Research 18:175-190. 

[15] Dissing BS, Nielsen ME, Ersbøll BK, Frosch S. 2011. Multispectral Imaging for Determination of Astaxanthin Concentration in Salmonids. PLoS ONE 6:e19032. 

[16] Higuera-Ciapara I, Félix-Valenzuela L, Goycoolea FM. 2006. Astaxanthin: A Review of its Chemistry and Applications. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 46:185-196. 

[17] Brendler T, Williamson EM. 2019. Astaxanthin: How much is too much? A safety review. Phytotherapy Research 33:3090-3111. 

[18] Edwards JA, Bellion P, Beilstein P, Rümbeli R, Schierle J. 2016. Review of genotoxicity and rat carcinogenicity investigations with astaxanthin. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 75:5-19. 

 

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS (PCBs AND DIOXINS) REFERENCES: 

[1] Ibrahim, M. M., Fjære, E., Lock, E.-J., Naville, D., Amlund, H., Meugnier, E., et al. (2011). Chronic consumption of farmed salmon containing persistent organic pollutants causes insulin resistance and obesity in mice. PLoS ONE 6:e25170. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025170. 

[2] DEA. 2015. Submission into The Fin-Fish aquaculture industry in Tasmania. Regulation of the fin-fish aquaculture industry in Tasmania, Submission 12. Doctors for the Environment Australia, https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Environment_and_Communications/Fin-Fish/Submissions.

[3] EWG. 2003. PCBs in farmed salmon. Environmental Working Group, 31 July. https://www.ewg.org/research/pcbs-farmed-salmon.

[4] Hites RA, Foran JA, Carpenter DO, Hamilton MC, Knuth BA, Schwager SJ. 2004. Global Assessment of Organic Contaminants in Farmed Salmon. Science 303:226-229.

[5] Jensen I-J, Eilertsen K-E, Otnæs CHA, Mæhre HK, Elvevoll EO. 2020. An Update on the Content of Fatty Acids, Dioxins, PCBs and Heavy Metals in Farmed, Escaped and Wild Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) in Norway. Foods 9:1901.

[6] Lundebye A-K, Lock E-J, Rasinger JD, Nøstbakken OJ, Hannisdal R, et al. 2017. Lower levels of Persistent Organic Pollutants, metals and the marine omega 3-fatty acid DHA in farmed compared to wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Environmental Research 155:49-59.

[7] HHP. 2004. Getting your omega-3s vs. avoiding those PCBs.—The Family HealthGuide. Harvard Health Publishing, 1 April. https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/getting-your-omega-3s-vs-avoiding-those-pcbsthe-family-healthguide.

 

LISTERIA REFERENCES: 

[1] SBS. 2019. Two dead from listeria linked to smoked salmon. SBS News, 24 July. https://www.sbs.com.au/news/two-dead-from-listeria-linked-to-smoked-salmon.

[2] Sundich N. 2019. Tassal and Huon in the clear over salmon-related listeriosis deaths; but earnings season looms. Stockhead, 25 July. https://stockhead.com.au/news/tassal-and-huon-in-the-clear-over-salmon-related-listeriosis-deaths-but-earnings-season-looms/.

[3] Cooper E. 2019. Smoked salmon likely behind listeria deaths in NSW, Victoria. ABC News, 24 July. https://mobile.abc.net.au/news/2019-07-24/smoked-salmon-likely-behind-listeria-deaths-in-two-states/11342502?pfmredir=sm.

[4] Kelly L. 2019. Release investigation into Tassal’s February listeria detection. Environment Tasmania, 25 July. https://www.et.org.au/tassal_listeria.

[5] Robin M. 2019b. Surging Tassal shrugs off listeria detection. Australian Financial Review, 26 March. https://www.afr.com/rear-window/surging-tassal-shrugs-off-listeria-detection-20190326-p517r9.

[6] Robin M. 2019a. Tassal chief Mark Ryan dumps half his stake. Australian Financial Review, 21 February. https://www.afr.com/rear-window/tassal-chief-mark-ryan-dumps-half-his-stake-20190221-h1bjg8.

[7] Mickleboro J. 2019. Tassal share price crashes 7% lower on listeria detection reports. Motley Fool, 27 March. https://www.fool.com.au/2019/03/27/tassal-share-price-crashes-7-lower-on-listeria-detection-reports/.

[8] Willard J. 2019. Investigation into listeria deaths linked to Tasmanian smoked salmon ongoing. The Examiner, 3 August. https://www.examiner.com.au/story/6308498/investigation-into-listeria-deaths-ongoing/.

[9] Rørvik LM. 2000. Listeria monocytogenes in the smoked salmon industry. International Journal of Food Microbiology 62:183-190.

[10] Buchanan R, Whiting R, Ross T. 2006. BACKGROUND PAPER for the JOINT FAO/WHO EXPERT CONSULTATION ON Development of Practical Risk Management Strategies based on Microbiological Risk Assessment Outputs, Kiel, Germany, 3-7 April 2006. Case Study: Listeria monocytogenes in Smoked Fish, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva. 31 pp. http://www.fao.org/3/au625e/au625e.pdf.

 

FLAW 2: WASTES REFERENCES

MOTOR NEURONE DISEASE REFERENCES:

[1] Main, B. Toxin linked to motor neuron disease found in Australian algal blooms, <http://theconversation.com/toxin-linked-to-motor-neuron-disease-found-in-australianalgal-blooms-95646> (2018). 

[2] Main, B. J., Bowling, L. C. et al. Detection of the suspected neurotoxin β-methylamino-lalanine (BMAA) in cyanobacterial blooms from multiple water bodies in Eastern Australia. Harmful Algae 74, 10-18, doi:10.1016/j.hal.2018.03.004 (2018).

[3] Caller, T. A., Doolin, J. W. et al. A cluster of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in New Hampshire: A possible role for toxic cyanobacteria blooms. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 10, 101-108, doi:10.3109/17482960903278485 (2009).

[4] Cox, P. A. & Sacks, O. W. Cycad neurotoxins, consumption of flying foxes, and ALS-PDC disease in Guam. Neurology 58, 956–959 (2002).

[5] Dunlop, R. Toxic load: blue-green algae’s role in motor neuron disease, <https://theconversation.com/toxic-load-blue-green-algaes-role-in-motor-neuron-disease-16041> (2013).

[6] Masseret, E., Banack, S. et al. Dietary BMAA Exposure in an Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Cluster from Southern France. PLoS ONE 8, e83406, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083406 (2013).

[7] Banack, S. A., Metcalf, J. S. et al. Detection of cyanobacterial neurotoxin β-N-methylamino-lalanine within shellfish in the diet of an ALS patient in Florida. Toxicon 90, 167-173, doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.07.018 (2014).

[8] Torbick, N., Hession, S. et al. Mapping amyotrophic lateral sclerosis lake risk factors across northern New England. International Journal of Health Geographics 13, 1-14, doi:10.1186/1476-072X-13-1 (2014).

[9] Andrew, A. S., Caller, T. A. et al. Environmental and occupational exposures and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in New England. Neurodegenerative Diseases 17, 110–116, doi:10.1159/000453359 (2017).

[10] Byth, S. Palm Island mystery disease. Medical Journal of Australia 2, 40-42 (1980).

[11] Griffiths, D. J. & Saker, M. L. The Palm Island mystery disease 20 years on: A review of research on the cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin. Environmental Toxicology 18, 78-93, doi:10.1002/tox.10103 (2003).

[12] Contardo-Jara, V., Schwanemann, T. et al. Uptake of a cyanotoxin, β-N-methylamino-Lalanine, by wheat (Triticum aestivum). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 104, 127-131, doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.01.039 (2014).

[13] Anonymous. Blue-green algal poisoning of stock, <http://agriculture.vic.gov.au/agriculture/pests-diseases-and-weeds/animal-diseases/beefand-dairy-cows/blue-green-algal-poisoning-of-stock> (2017).

[14] Ogilvie, F. Scientists are on the hunt to discover the culprit behind the Murray-Darling fish deaths, <https://mobile.abc.net.au/news/science/2019-01-16/what-caused-menindee-fishkill-drought-water-mismanagement/10716080> (2019).

[15] Brand, L. E., Pablo, J. et al. Cyanobacterial blooms and the occurrence of the neurotoxin, beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), in South Florida aquatic food webs. Harmful Algae 9, 620–635, doi:10.1016/j.hal.2010.05.002 (2010).

[16] Jonasson, S., Eriksson, J. et al. Transfer of a cyanobacterial neurotoxin within a temperate aquatic ecosystem suggests pathways for human exposure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 107, 9252-9257 (2010).

[17] Chiu, A. S., Gehringer, M. M. et al. Review Does α-Amino-β-methylaminopropionic Acid (BMAA) Play a Role in Neurodegeneration? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 8, 3728-3746, doi:10.3390/ijerph8093728 (2011).

[18] Cox, P. A., Davis, D. A. et al. Dietary exposure to an environmental toxin triggers neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid deposits in the brain. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 283, 20152397, doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.2397 (2016).

[19] Proemse, B., Whitehead, J. et al. River Derwent & Catchment Tributary Water Quality Report. 57 pp (Derwent Estuary Program, Hobart, 2018).

[20] Hofer, U. Climate change boosts cyanobacteria. Nature Reviews Microbiology 16, 122, doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2018.15 (2018).

[21] Ullah, H., Nagelkerken, I. et al. Climate change could drive marine food web collapse through altered trophic flows and cyanobacterial proliferation. PLOS Biology 16, art. e2003446, doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2003446 (2018). 

[22] Cox, P. A., Banack, S. A. et al. Diverse taxa of cyanobacteria produce β-N-methylamino-lalanine, a neurotoxic amino acid. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 102, 5074–5078, doi:10.1073/pnas.0501526102 (2005).

[23] TasWater. 2015. Greater Hobart - Feb 2015. TasWater, https://www.taswater.com.au/Community---Environment/Current-Alerts/Taste/odour-updates/Greater-Hobart---Feb-2015.

[24] Corbel S, Mougin C, Bouaïcha N. 2014. Cyanobacterial toxins: Modes of actions, fate in aquatic and soil ecosystems, phytotoxicity and bioaccumulation in agricultural crops. Chemosphere 96:1-15.

 

DEAD ZONE REFERENCES:

[1] Gershwin L. 2013. Stung! On Jellyfish Blooms and the Future of the Ocean. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 424 pp.

[2] TAMP. 2021. Atlantic farmed salmon in Tasmania's waters: 2021 snapshot, Tasmanian Alliance for Marine Protection, 2 pp. https://www.tamp.org.au/industry. 

[3] Coughanowr C. 2019. SUBMISSION TO: LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION COMMITTEE 'A'. INQUIRY INTO PLANNING, ASSESSMENT, OPERATION AND REGULATION OF FIN FISH FARMING IN TASMANIA. Parliament of Tasmania, https://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/ctee/Council/GovAdminA_Fin.htm [Submission number 67].

[4] Bennett B. 1999. Healing the Derwent's murky blues. Ecos 100:10-17.

[5] Gershwin L. 2019. Positive feedback loop between jellyfish & salmon farming. Parliament of Tasmania, https://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/ctee/Council/GovAdminA_Fin.htm [Submission number 40].

[6] Revis NJP, Merks AGA, Valenta P, Rützel H. 1989. Heavy metal uptake by plankton and other seston particles. Chemical Speciation & Bioavailability 1:31-37.

[7] Azizur Rahman M, Hasegawa H, Peter Lim R. 2012. Bioaccumulation, biotransformation and trophic transfer of arsenic in the aquatic food chain. Environmental Research 116:118-135.

[8] Krishnaswami S, Baskaran M, Fowler SW, Heyraud M. 1985. Comparative role of salps and other zooplankton in the cycling and transport of selected elements and natural radionuclides in Mediterranean waters. Biogeochemistry 1:353-360.

[9] Giesecke R, Clement A, Garcés-Vargas J, Mardones JI, González HE, et al. 2014. Massive salp outbreaks in the inner sea of Chiloé Island (Southern Chile): possible causes and ecological consequences. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 42:604-621. 

[10] NESP. 2019. Conserving the Critically Endangered Red Handfish, National Environmental Science Program, Marine Biodiversity Hub, Hobart. 2 pp. https://www.nespmarine.edu.au/system/files/NESP%20red%20handfish%20fact%20sheet%20July%202019_final_2.pdf.

[11] ABC. 2013. Fish farm expansions risky for rare Port Davey skate dubbed 'the thylacine of the sea': scientists. ABC News, Posted 22 July; updated 24 July. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-07-22/fears-for-skate-dubbed-thylacine-of-the-sea/4834104. 

[12] HSI. 2021. Tasmanian salmon farms pushing rare skate to the brink of extinction. Humane Society International, 28 May. https://hsi.org.au/index.php/newsroom/tasmanian-salmon-farms-pushing-rare-skate-to-the-brink-of-extinction. 

[13] Conley DJ, Carstensen J, Vaquer-Sunyer R, Duarte CM. 2009. Ecosystem thresholds with hypoxia. Hydrobiologia 629:21-29.

 

NET CLEANING REFERENCES:

[1] Bloecher N, Mark P, Hytterød S, Gjessing M, Wiik-Nielsen J, et al. 2018. Effects of cnidarian biofouling on salmon gill health and development of amoebic gill disease. PLoS ONE 13:e0199842.

[2] Hastwell W, Hastwell I. 2016. Dover Bay Mussels Pty Ltd. Submission to Senate inquiry on Regulation of the fin-fish aquaculture industry in Tasmania, submission 41, Australian Parliament House. 16 pp. https://www.aph.gov.au/DocumentStore.ashx?id=1e5a6c79-6353-416c-8bcf-67ede5b754ff&subId=351970.
 

MARINE DEBRIS REFERENCES:

[1] Kinniburgh C. 2019. New app to help boaters have safer experiences on the water. The Mercury, 3 May. https://www.themercury.com.au/news/tasmania/new-app-to-help-boaters-have-safer-experiences-on-the-water/news-story/8a4a06be29021fa82a46908b125131e3.

[2] Morris L. 2020. COMMENT: Have a fun summer of boating Tasmania, but be safe. The Examiner, 6 December. https://www.examiner.com.au/story/7042365/have-a-fun-summer-of-boating-tasmania-but-be-safe/.

[3] Compton L, Hopkins P. 2020. 'Someone will be seriously hurt or even killed': MAST boss warns about dangers of marine debris. ABC Radio Hobart, 27 February. https://www.abc.net.au/radio/hobart/programs/mornings/mast-boss-warns-about-dangers-of-marine-debris/12006424.

[4] Compton L. 2018. Salmon industry expansion has Tasmanian boating community fearful of dangerous debris. ABC News, 23 July. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-07-23/salmon-farming-fish-pen-debris-fears-for-tasmanian-boaties/10020958.

[5] Smith M. 2016. Warning on fish-farm death traps. Mercury, 13 August. https://www.themercury.com.au/news/tasmania/warning-on-fishfarm-death-traps/news-story/4758d2b45248215cdb4fcaf1bf1a7fa6. 

 

NOISE POLLUTION EFFECT ON ANIMALS REFERENCES:

[1] DPIPWE. 2021. RTI 075 - 2020-21 - Seal interactions with marine farms, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment1 pp. https://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/RTI%20075%20-%202020-21.pdf. 

[2] Pichegru L, Nyengera R, McInnes AM, Pistorius P. 2017. Avoidance of seismic survey activities by penguins. Scientific Reports 7:16305. 

[3] Simonis AE, Forney KA, Rankin S, Ryan J, Zhang Y, et al. 2020. Seal Bomb Noise as a Potential Threat to Monterey Bay Harbor Porpoise. Frontiers in Marine Science 7:1-9. 

[4] DPIPWE. 2021. RTI 059 - 2021-21 - Stage 1, Stage 2: Seal Deterrents, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and EnvironmentPart 1, 352 pp; part 2, 102 pp. https://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/RTI%20059%20of%202020-21.pdf. 

[5] Gordon J, Gillespie D, Potter J, Frantzis A, Simmonds MP, et al. 2003. A review of the effects of seismic surveys on marine mammals. Marine Technology Society Journal 37:16-34. 

[6] McCauley RD, Fewtrell J, Popper AN. 2003. High intensity anthropogenic sound damages fish ears. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 113:638-642. 

[7] Carroll AG, Przeslawski R, Duncan A, Gunning M, Bruce B. 2017. A critical review of the potential impacts of marine seismic surveys on fish & invertebrates. Marine Pollution Bulletin 114:9-24. 

[8] Guerra A, González A, Rocha F. 2004. A Review Of The Records Of Giant Squid In The North-Eastern Atlantic And Severe Injuries In Architeuthis dux Stranded After Acoustic Explorations. In International Council for the Exploration of the Sea 2004, pp. 1-17. Vigo, Spain. 

[9] André M, Solé M, Lenoir M, Durfort M, Quero C, et al. 2011. Low-frequency sounds induce acoustic trauma in cephalopods. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 9:489-493. 

[10] McCauley RD, Day RD, Swadling KM, Fitzgibbon QP, Watson RA, Semmens JM. 2017. Widely used marine seismic survey air gun operations negatively impact zooplankton. Nature Ecology & Evolution 1:0195.

 

FLAW 3: DISEASES REFERENCES

AMOEBIC GILL DISEASE REFERENCES:

[1] Fromberg A. 2019. Giant salmon ships bound for Tasmania, as local sailors told to 'be on the look out'. ABC News, 19 October. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-10-19/river-derwent-sailors-concern-over-new-salmon-wellboats/11617610. 

[2] Lucas JS, Southgate PC, Tucker CS. 2019. Aquaculture: Farming Aquatic Animals and Plants. Third edition. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 664 pp. [quotes page 214] 

[3] ET. 2021. Fish Welfare. Environment Tasmania, visited 26 May. https://www.salmon.org.au/fish_welfare. 

[4] Johnson-Mackinnon J, Oldham T, Nowak B. 2016. Amoebic gill disease: a growing threat. Microbiology Australia 37:140-142. 

[5] Rodger H. 2017. Gill health in salmonid aquaculture. Bulletin of the Aquaculture Association of Canada 1:22-27.

[6] Rodger H. 2015. Amoebic Gill Disease. Fish Farm Expert, Originally published 19 June 2015; updated 24 February 2018. https://www.fishfarmingexpert.com/article/amoebic-gill-disease/. 

[7] Clark A, Nowak BF. 1999. Field investigations of amoebic gill disease in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in Tasmania. Journal of Fish Diseases 22:433–443. 

[8] Norwood C. 2017. On the Atlantic Salmon Trail. Fisheries Research and Development Corporation, FISH Vol 25 2. https://www.frdc.com.au/Media-Publications/FISH/FISH-Vol-25-2/On-the-Atlantic-salmon-trail. 

[9] Lee KN. 1999. Appraising adaptive management. Conservation Ecology 3:3. [online] URL: http://www.consecol.org/vol3/iss2/art3/. 

[10] Galea S, Street E, Dunlevie J. 2018. Macquarie Harbour salmon: 1.35 million fish deaths prompt call to 'empty' waterway of farms. ABC News, 29 May. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-05-29/salmon-deaths-in-macquarie-harbour-top-one-million-epa-says/9810720. 

[11] Whiting N. 2017. Huon Aquaculture claims salmon farms damaged World Heritage Area in Macquarie Harbour. ABC News, 7:30, Posted 14 March, Updated 15 March. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-03-14/we-damaged-world-heritage-area-claims-salmon-company/8353926. 

[12] HSI. 2021. Tasmanian salmon farms pushing rare skate to the brink of extinction. Humane Society International, 28 May. https://hsi.org.au/index.php/newsroom/tasmanian-salmon-farms-pushing-rare-skate-to-the-brink-of-extinction. 

 

POMV REFERENCES:

[1] Ford W, Compton L. 2018. More than one million salmon died in Macquarie Harbour over summer. ABC Radio Hobart, 29 May. https://www.abc.net.au/radio/hobart/programs/mornings/wes-ford/9811286.

[2] Galea S, Street E, Dunlevie J. 2018. Macquarie Harbour salmon: 1.35 million fish deaths prompt call to 'empty' waterway of farms. ABC News, 29 May. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-05-29/salmon-deaths-in-macquarie-harbour-top-one-million-epa-says/9810720. 

[3] Mohr PG, Crane M, Hoad J, Williams LM, Cummins D, et al. 2020. Pilchard orthomyxovirus (POMV). I. Characterisation of an emerging virus isolated from pilchards Sardinops sagax and Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 139:35-50. 

[4] Gaut AC. 2001. Pilchard (Sardinops sagax) mortality events in Australia and related world events. FRDC Project No. 99/227, Fisheries Research and Development Corporation, Adelaide. 167 pp. http://www.frdc.com.au/research/Documents/Final_reports/1999-227-DLD.pdf. 

[5] Samsing F, Rigby M, Tengesdal HK, Taylor RS, Farias D, et al. 2021. Seawater transmission and infection dynamics of pilchard orthomyxovirus (POMV) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Journal of Fish Diseases 44:73-88. 

 

SALMON LICE REFERENCES:

[1] Nowak BF, Hayward CJ, González L, Bott NJ, Lester RJG. 2011. Sea lice infections of salmonids farmed in Australia. Aquaculture 320:171-177.

[2] Hewitt GC. 1971. Two Species of Caligus (Copepoda, Caligidae) from Australian Waters, with a Description of Some Developmental Stages. Pacific Science 25:145-164. 

[3] Barker SE, Bricknell IR, Covello J, Purcell S, Fast MD, et al. 2019. Sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer 1837), infected Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) are more susceptible to infectious salmon anemia virus. PLoS ONE 14:e0209178. 

[4] Aaen SM, Helgesen KO, Bakke MJ, Kaur K, Horsberg TE. 2015. Drug resistance in sea lice: a threat to salmonid aquaculture. Trends in Parasitology 31:72-81. 

[5] Osterloff E. 2021. The problem of sea lice in salmon farms. Natural History Museum, Undated web page, visited 1 August 2021. https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/the-problem-of-sea-lice-in-salmon-farms.html. 

[6] Campbell JM. 2021. Sea lice, farmed salmon and the chemicals story. Arran Coast, Undated web page, accessed 3 August 2021. https://www.arrancoast.com/sea-lice-farmed-salmon-and-the-chemicals-story-j-m-campbell/.

 

FLAW 4: PESTS REFERENCES

JELLYFISH REFERENCES:

[1] Gershwin L. 2013. Stung! On Jellyfish Blooms and the Future of the Ocean. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 424 pp.

[2] Gershwin L. 2019. Briefing on jellyfish and salmon farming. Hobart: Legislative Council, Parliament of Tasmania. 20 June. 

[2] Baxter EJ, Sturt MM, Ruane NM, Doyle TK, McAllen R, Rodger HD. 2012. Biofouling of the hydroid Ectopleura larynx on aquaculture nets in Ireland: Implications for finfish health. Fish Veterinary Journal 13:17-29.

[3] Bosch-Belmar M, Milisenda G, Girons A, Taurisano V, Accoroni S, et al. 2017. Consequences of stinging plankton blooms on finfish mariculture in the Mediterranean sea. Frontiers in Marine Science 4: 240. 

[4] Ferguson HW, Delannoy CMJ, Hay S, Nicolson J, Sutherland D, Crumlish M. 2010. Jellyfish as vectors of bacterial disease for farmed salmon. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 22:376-382.

[5] Småge SB, Øyvind Jakobsen B, Frisch K, Watanabe K, Duesund H, Nylund A. 2017. Concurrent jellyfish blooms and tenacibaculosis outbreaks in Northern Norwegian Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farms. PLoS ONE 12: e0187476. 

[6] AAP. 2019. Jellyfish sting Huon Aquaculture's profit. 9 Finance News, 30 August. https://finance.nine.com.au/business-news/huon-aquaculture-s-fy-profit-down-64/33126c79-b875-4afd-b87f-caf88011ee69.

[7] Holst S, Jarms G. 2007. Substrate choice and settlement preferences of planula larvae of five Scyphozoa (Cnidaria) from German Bight, North Sea. Marine Biology 151:863–871.

[8] Bloecher N, de Nys R, Poole AJ, Guenther J. 2013. The fouling hydroid Ectopleura larynx: a lack of effect of next generation antifouling technologies. Biofouling 29:237-246.

[9] Bloecher N, Mark P, Hytterød S, Gjessing M, Wiik-Nielsen J, et al. 2018. Effects of cnidarian biofouling on salmon gill health and development of amoebic gill disease. PLoS ONE 13:e0199842.

[10] Guenther J, Misimi E, Sunde LM. 2010. The development of biofouling, particularly the hydroid Ectopleura larynx, on commercial cage nets in Mid-Norway. Aquaculture 300:120-127. 

 

SALP REFERENCES

[1] Heron AC. 1972a. Population ecology of a colonizing species: the pelagic tunicate Thalia democratica I. Individual growth rate and generation time. Oecologia 10:269–293.

[2] Heron AC. 1972b. Population ecology of a colonizing species - pelagic tunicate Thalia democratica. 2. Population growth-rate. Oecologia 10:294-312.

[3] Mianzan HW, Pájaro M, Machinandiarena L, Cremonte F. 1997. Salps: possible vectors of toxic dinoflagellates? Fisheries Research 29:193-197.

[4]Mianzan H, Pajaro M, Colombo GA, Madirolas A. 2001. Feeding on survival-food: Gelatinous plankton as a source of food for anchovies. Hydrobiologia 451:45-53.

[5] Hays GC, Doyle TK, Houghton JDR. 2018. A Paradigm Shift in the Trophic Importance of Jellyfish? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 33:874-884.

[6] Giesecke R, Clement A, Garcés-Vargas J, Mardones JI, González HE, et al. 2014. Massive salp outbreaks in the inner sea of Chiloé Island (Southern Chile): possible causes and ecological consequences. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 42:604-621.

[7] Revis NJP, Merks AGA, Valenta P, Rützel H. 1989. Heavy metal uptake by plankton and other seston particles. Chemical Speciation & Bioavailability 1:31-37.

[8] Swadling K, Macleod C. 2008. Baseline Metal Levels in Selected Faunal Species from the Derwent Estuary and Surrounding Areas (DRAFT Report to CCI/ Derwent Estuary Program), Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute (TAFI), University of Tasmania, Hobart. 17 pp. 

[9] Krishnaswami S, Baskaran M, Fowler SW, Heyraud M. 1985. Comparative role of salps and other zooplankton in the cycling and transport of selected elements and natural radionuclides in Mediterranean waters. Biogeochemistry 1:353-360. 

 

TOXIC ALGAE REFERENCES:

[1] Gershwin L. 2013. Stung! On Jellyfish Blooms and the Future of the Ocean. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 424 pp.

[2] Flanagan R. 2021. Toxic: The Rotting Underbelly of the Tasmanian Salmon Industry. Australia: Penguin. 224 pp.
 

ESCAPED FISH REFERENCES:

[1] Abrantes KG, Lyle JM, Nichols PD, Semmens JM, Trudel M. 2011. Do exotic salmonids feed on native fauna after escaping from aquaculture cages in Tasmania, Australia? Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68:1539-1551.

[2] Kempton H. 2019a. Fishers smiling after two fish escapes but environmentalists concerned. The Mercury, 17 December. https://www.themercury.com.au/news/tasmania/fishers-smiling-after-two-fish-escapes-but-environmentalists-concerned/news-story/9d35ff879fb81bcdb9be858071ba94fe.

[3] Kempton H. 2019b. Petuna says its escapees were tiny, so where have the big fish come from? The Mercury, 17 December. https://www.themercury.com.au/news/tasmania/petuna-says-its-escapees-were-tiny-so-where-have-the-big-fish-come-from/news-story/15532a078583bfb35fe87b9904b15b84.

[4] Compton L. 2018. Huon Aquaculture confirms 120,000 salmon escaped in May storms, amid calls for more industry 'transparency'. ABC News, 12 September. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-09-12/huon-aquaculture-salmon-death-revealed-amid-transparency-calls/10230846.

[5] Denholm M. 2018. Fish frenzy after Tassie’s great salmon escape. The Australian, 24 May. https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/fish-frenzy-after-tassies-great-salmon-escape/news-story/3a679bf6a69efcd4a76212c1a2399f08.

[6] Lyle JM. 2019. Fishing for Atlantic salmon following a major escape event: inferences about dispersal, survival and ecological impact, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Hobart. 26 pp. https://www.imas.utas.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/1210544/Atlantic-salmon-survey.pdf.

[7] Rachwani M. 2020a. Fears for environment after 50,000 fish escape salmon farm in Tasmania. The Guardian, 24 November. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/nov/24/fears-for-environment-after-50000-fish-escape-salmon-farm-in-tasmania.

[8] Rachwani M. 2020b. 'A circus': second mass salmon outbreak in Tasmania outrages conservationists
The Guardian, 3 December. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/dec/03/a-circus-second-mass-salmon-outbreak-in-tasmania-outrages-conservationists.

[9] Navarro L. 2019. Here are the largest recorded farmed Atlantic salmon escapes in history. IntraFish, 1 February. https://www.intrafish.com/aquaculture/here-are-the-largest-recorded-farmed-atlantic-salmon-escapes-in-history/2-1-388082. 

 

FLAW 5: FEED & FOOD REFERENCES

OMEGA-3,6 REFERENCES:

[1] Jensen I-J, Eilertsen K-E, Otnæs CHA, Mæhre HK, Elvevoll EO. 2020. An Update on the Content of Fatty Acids, Dioxins, PCBs and Heavy Metals in Farmed, Escaped and Wild Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) in Norway. Foods 9:1901.

[2] Liou S. 2010. Omega-3 Fatty Acids. HOPES: Huntington's Outreach Project for Education, at Stanford, 29 June. https://hopes.stanford.edu/omega-3-fatty-acids/.

 

GMO REFERENCES:

[1] Skretting. 2019. Sustainability report 2019, Skretting Australia, Cambridge, Tasmania. 79 pp. https://www.skretting.com/siteassets/images/aus/reports/2019-ska-sustainability-report.pdf?v=492ca2.

[2] ProTerra. 2021. The non-GM production: how volatility is killing the supply chain in Brazil. ProTerra Foundation, 16 February. https://www.proterrafoundation.org/news/the-non-gm-production-how-volatility-is-killing-the-supply-chain-in-brazil/.

[3] FSANZ. 2018. Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code – Standard 1.5.2 – Food produced using gene technology. Food Standards Australia & New Zealand, 22 February. https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2018C00169.

 

INSATIABLE INDUSTRY REFERENCES:

[1] Skretting. 2019. Sustainability report 2019, Skretting Australia, Cambridge, Tasmania. 79 pp. https://www.skretting.com/siteassets/images/aus/reports/2019-ska-sustainability-report.pdf?v=492ca2.

[2] ProTerra. 2021. The non-GM production: how volatility is killing the supply chain in Brazil. ProTerra Foundation, 16 February. https://www.proterrafoundation.org/news/the-non-gm-production-how-volatility-is-killing-the-supply-chain-in-brazil/.

 

FLAW 6: ANIMAL CRUELTY REFERENCES

SEAL REFERENCES:

[1] Barraclough JM. 2006. Seals, Salmon Farms and Politics: The Institutional Culture of Seal Relocation and Other Measures to Counter Seal-Fish Farm Interactions in South-eastern Tasmania. University of Tasmania. 197 pp.

[2] DPIPWE. 2021. RTI 059 - Right to Information Disclosure on Seal Deterrents, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. 352 pp. https://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/RTI%20059%20of%202020-21.pdf.

 

DOLPHIN REFERENCES:

[1] Briggs B. 2021. Probe launched over claims of ‘sonic torture’ at Scots fish farms. The National, 27 June. https://www.thenational.scot/news/19401885.probe-launched-claims-sonic-torture-scots-fish-farms/.

[2] Charlton-Robb K, Gershwin L, Thompson R, Austin J, Owen K, McKechnie S. 2011. A New Dolphin Species, the Burrunan Dolphin Tursiops australis sp. nov., Endemic to Southern Australian Coastal Waters. PLoS ONE 6:e24047.

[3] Bennett B. 1999. Healing the Derwent's murky blues. Ecos 100:10-17.

[4] Monk A, Charlton-Robb K, Buddhadasa S, Thompson RM. 2014. Comparison of Mercury Contamination in Live and Dead Dolphins from a Newly Described Species, Tursiops australis. PLoS ONE 9:e104887.

[5] Gershwin L. 2013. Stung! On Jellyfish Blooms and the Future of the Ocean. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 424 pp.

[6] Zwartz H. 2018. Tasmania's salmon farms shooting thousands of non-lethal 'beanbag' rounds at seals. ABC News, 12 October. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-10-12/seals-being-shot-with-thousands-of-beanbag-bullets-to-protect-s/10366006.

[7] DPIPWE. 2021. RTI 059 - Right to Information Disclosure on Seal Deterrents, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. 352 pp. https://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/RTI%20059%20of%202020-21.pdf.

[8] Findlay CR, Aleynik D, Farcas A, Merchant ND, Risch D, Wilson B. 2021. Auditory impairment from acoustic seal deterrents predicted for harbour porpoises in a marine protected area. Journal of Applied Ecology. May: 1-12.

 

TRIPLOID REFERENCES:

[1] Huon Aquaculture. 2019. TRIPLOIDS VS DIPLOIDS. Huon Aquaculture, December. https://www.huonaqua.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Triploids-Fact-Sheet.pdf.

[2] Fjelldal PG, Hansen T. 2010. Vertebral deformities in triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) underyearling smolts. Aquaculture 309:131-136.

[3] Amoroso G, Cobcroft JM, Adams MB, Ventura T, Carter CG. 2016. Concurrence of lower jaw skeletal anomalies in triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and the effect on growth in freshwater. Journal of Fish Diseases 39:1509-1521.

[4] Fraser TWK. 2013. Deformities and morphology of the heart and skeleton in triploid Atlantic salmon: The influence of production strategies and their impact on welfare. Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo. 252 pp.

[5] Small SA, Benfey TJ. 1987. Cell size in triploid salmon. Journal of Experimental Zoology 241:339-342.

[6] Benfey TJ. 1999. The Physiology and Behavior of Triploid Fishes. Reviews in Fisheries Science 7:39-67.

[7] Sadler J, Pankhurst PM, King HR. 2001. High prevalence of skeletal deformity and reduced gill surface area in triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture 198:369-386.

[8] O'Flynn FM, McGeachy SA, Friars GW, Benfey TJ, Bailey JK. 1997. Comparisons of cultured triploid and diploid Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar L.). ICES Journal of Marine Science 54:1160-1165.

[9] Benfey TJ. 1996. Use of all-female and triploid salmonids for aquaculture in Canada. In Use of all-female and triploid salmonids for aquaculture in Canada, ed. TJ Benfey, 96-2: pp. 6-8: Bulletin of the Aquaculture Association of Canada.

[10] McDonagh V. 2021. Norway Royal Salmon to give up triploid production. Fish Farmer Magazine, 5 May. https://www.fishfarmermagazine.com/news/norway-royal-salmon-to-give-up-triploid-production/.

 

FLAW 7: IGNORING REALITY REFERENCES

LIMITATIONS TO NATURE REFERENCES:

[1] Gershwin L. 2013. Stung! On Jellyfish Blooms and the Future of the Ocean. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 424 pp.

 

WATER WASTE REFERENCES:

[1] Minshull L, Browne B. 2019. Making mountains out of minnows: Salmon in the Tasmanian economy, The Australia Institute, Canberra. 22 pp. 

[2] SBS. 2020. Most of Tasmania now faces water restrictions. SBS News, 20 January. https://www.sbs.com.au/news/most-of-tasmania-now-faces-water-restrictions.

[3] DPIPWE. 2018. Application Fees under the Water Management Regulations 2009, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. Water Management and Assessment Branch, Hobart. 3 pp. https://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/Schedule%20of%20Application%20Fees.pdf.

[4] DPIPWE. 2020. Regulatory Impact Statement. Water Management Regulations 2019, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. Water and Marine Resources, Hobart. 58 pp. https://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/RIS%20-%20Water%20Management%20Regulations%202019.pdf.

[5] Tassal. 2020. Annual Report 2020, Tassal Group. 86 pp. https://www.asx.com.au/asxpdf/20200925/pdf/44n0k8qvfnj3b0.pdf.

[6] McLeod B. 2017. The grisly story of a Melbourne businessman's murder and betrayal. Nine News, 15 February. https://www.9news.com.au/national/the-story-of-herman-rockefellers-murder/f2707490-08ce-4460-9ad5-c77eac5c6959.

 

SOCIAL LICENSE REFERENCES:

[1] Boutilier RG, Thomson I. 2017. Social License to Operate. In Encyclopedia of Business and Professional Ethics, ed. DC Poff, AC Michalos: pp. 1-5. Cham: Springer International Publishing.

[2] Cooney J. 2017. Reflections on the 20th anniversary of the term ‘social licence’. Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law 35: 197-200.

[3] Moffat K, Zhang A. 2014. The paths to social licence to operate: An integrative model explaining community acceptance of mining. Resources Policy 39: 61-70.

[4] Minshull L, Browne B. 2017. Salmon stakes: Risks for the Tasmanian salmon industry, The Australia Institute, Canberra. 17 pp. https://australiainstitute.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/P429-Salmon-stakes-FINAL.pdf. 

[5] Leith P, Ogier E, Haward M. 2014. Science and Social License: Defining Environmental Sustainability of Atlantic Salmon Aquaculture in South-Eastern Tasmania, Australia. Social Epistemology 28:277-296.

[6] Flanagan R. 2021. Toxic: The Rotting Underbelly of the Tasmanian Salmon Industry. Australia: Penguin. 224 pp.

[7] UNESCO. 2005. The Precautionary Principle, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris. 52 pp. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001395/139578e.pdf.

[8] Kaiser M. 1997. Fish-Farming and the Precautionary Principle: Context and Values in Environmental Science for Policy. Foundations of Science 2:307-341. 

[9] EPA. 2020. Review of Tasmanian and International Regulatory Requirements for Salmonid Aquaculture, Environment Protection Authority, Hobart. 61 pp. https://epa.tas.gov.au/Documents/Draft-Review-of-Tasmanian-and-International-Regulatory-Requirements-for-Salmonid-Aquaculture.pdf. 

[10] Coughanowr C. 2019. Salmon, Science and Adaptive Management. Tasmanian Conservation Trust, 1 July. https://www.tasconservation.org.au/tas-conservationist/2019/11/21/salmon-science-and-adaptive-management. 

[11] Kirkpatrick JB, Kriwoken LK, Styger J. 2019. The reverse precautionary principle: science, the environment and the salmon aquaculture industry in Macquarie Harbour, Tasmania, Australia. Pacific Conservation Biology 25:26-33. 

[12] Galea S, Street E, Dunlevie J. 2018. Macquarie Harbour salmon: 1.35 million fish deaths prompt call to 'empty' waterway of farms. ABC News, 29 May. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-05-29/salmon-deaths-in-macquarie-harbour-top-one-million-epa-says/9810720.

[13] ABC. 2016. Okehampton Bay 'no place for fin-fish farming', says original lease owner. ABC Radio Hobart, 6 September. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-09-06/okehampton-bay-no-place-for-fin-fish-farming-former-farmer-says/7818674.

[14] Shine R. 2018. Huon Aquaculture gets RSPCA approval but Macquarie Harbour-farmed salmon won't get tick. ABC News, 30 July. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-07-29/huon-aquaculture-gains-rspca-certification-for-farmed-salmon/10049188. 

[15] McDonagh V. 2021. Norway Royal Salmon to give up triploid production. Fish Farmer Magazine, 5 May. https://www.fishfarmermagazine.com/news/norway-royal-salmon-to-give-up-triploid-production/.

[16] Abrantes KG, Lyle JM, Nichols PD, Semmens JM, Trudel M. 2011. Do exotic salmonids feed on native fauna after escaping from aquaculture cages in Tasmania, Australia? Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68:1539-1551. 

[17] WWF. 2016. Tassie salmon producers well on the way to sustainability. World Wildlife Fund Australia, 30 September. https://www.wwf.org.au/news/news/2016/tassie-salmon-producers-well-on-the-way-to-sustainability. 

[18] Baines R, Aird H. 2017. WWF email reveals concern over salmon industry's 'negative impact on environment'. ABC News, 11 May. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-05-11/wwf-concern-over-salmon-industry-revealed-in-email/8517230. 

[19] Bleakley P. 2020. Big Fish, Small Pond: NGO–Corporate Partnerships and Corruption of the Environmental Certification Process in Tasmanian Aquaculture. Critical Criminology 28:389-405. 

[20] Burke T. 2012. Notification of referral decision - not controlled action if undertaken in a particular manner. Marine farming expansion, Macquarie Harbour, Tasmania (EPBC 2012/6406). S, Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, Canberra. 7 pp. http://epbcnotices.environment.gov.au/_entity/annotation/7f82da5c-2c68-e511-9099-005056ba00a8/a71d58ad-4cba-48b6-8dab-f3091fc31cd5?t=1494040149786.

[21] Huon Aquaculture. 2017. Timeline of Macquarie Harbour management. Huon Aquaculture, 19 June. https://www.huonaqua.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Macquarie-Harbour-timeline.pdf.

[22] MHDOWG. 2014. Dissolved Oxygen Working Group Report, Macquarie Harbour Dissolved Oxygen Working Group, Hobart. 63 pp. https://stors.tas.gov.au/1450290. 

[23] Burgess G. 2017a. Tassal given three months to clean up Macquarie Harbour salmon-farming leases. ABC News, 20 May. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-05-19/tassal-given-three-months-to-clean-up-macquarie-harbour-leases/8542900.

[24] Burgess G. 2017b. Tassal wins back certification for two fish farm leases in troubled waters of Macquarie Harbour. ABC News, 5 September. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-09-05/tassal-wins-back-macquarie-harbour-certification/8875274. 

[25] Blucher A. 2015a. Petuna says up to 85,000 fish killed in Tasmanian West Coast storm event a 'one-off'
ABC, 22 May. https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2015-05-22/petuna-salmon-deaths-storms/6490138. 

[26] Blucher A. 2015b. Rare and chronic fish disease mycobacteriosis found for the first time in salmon farmed in Tasmania's Macquarie Harbour. ABC, Updated 8 September. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-09-07/tasmania-salmon-macquarie-harbour-fish-disease/6754900. 

[27] Wahlquist C. 2017. 'Tassal’s pulp mill moment': the battle over Tasmania's $30m salmon farm. Guardian, 21 June. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/jun/21/tassals-pulp-mill-moment-the-battle-over-tasmanias-30m-salmon-farm. 

[28] Compton L. 2018. Red handfish habitat under threat from planned salmon move, greens group warns. ABC News, 11 August. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-11/fears-salmon-move-will-affect--red-handfish-habitat/10106684.

[29] Lawler J, McCann A. 2021. Surfers’ simple message to salmon farmers: ‘We want you to stop’. The Mercury, 23 May. https://www.themercury.com.au/news/tasmania/storm-bay-surfers-to-hold-paddle-out-against-salmon-farm-expansion/news-story/e63ea8d20015bb99edf9cd3d13577844. 

[30] LegCo. 2020. Legislative Council Sessional Committee Government Administration A, Sub-Committee, Fin Fish Farming in Tasmania Inquiry. Parliament of Tasmania, https://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/ctee/Council/GovAdminA_Fin.htm. [see especially #67 Christine Coughanowr]. 

[31] ASC. 2021. 15 Facts about the ASC. Aquaculture Stewardship Council, Undated web page; visited 14 July. https://www.asc-aqua.org/what-we-do/about-us/15-facts-about-the-asc/. 

[32] SeaChoice. 2018. ASC Global Review: Australia Summary, SeaChoice.org. 6 pp. https://nofftesthome.files.wordpress.com/2019/07/asc-global-review-au-regional-summary.pdf. 

[33] Australia Institute. 2021. One in Two Australians Support Moratorium on Expansion of Tasmania’s Salmon Farming Industry. Australia Institute Tasmania, 25 July. https://australiainstitute.org.au/post/one-in-two-australians-support-moratorium-on-expansion-of-tasmanias-salmon-farming-industry/. 

[34] Tiller RG, De Kok J-L, Vermeiren K, Thorvaldsen T. 2017. Accountability as a Governance Paradox in the Norwegian Salmon Aquaculture Industry. Frontiers in Marine Science 4(71): 1-19. 

[35] Wood D. 2021. Danielle Wood: Will Big Salmon expose spark another landmark Tasmanian battle? The Mercury, 29 May. https://www.themercury.com.au/news/opinion/danielle-wood-will-big-salmon-expose-spark-another-landmark-tasmanian-battle/news-story/1faba77d89b29c12e80cda89f124a072. 

[36] Bartlett D. 2021. [Tweets about the salmon industry losing the debate]. Twitter, 22 April. https://twitter.com/Bartlett_DJ/status/1385132624436359172.